Statistics & Probability Calculators
Covariance Calculator
Compute sample and population covariance from two paired data lists.
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What is Covariance?
Covariance measures whether two variables move together: positive means they rise and fall together, negative means one rises as the other falls. Unlike correlation it keeps the units of the data, so its magnitude alone is hard to interpret.
How it works
The deviations from each mean are multiplied pairwise and summed, then divided by n − 1 for the sample form or n for the population form. Both divisors are reported because which one is right depends on whether the data is the whole group or a sample of it.
- Enter your input. Type or paste your input into the field above — the tool responds instantly.
- Review the result. Output updates live as you type. Everything runs entirely in your browser.
- Copy or download. Use the Copy button to grab the result, or Download to save it as a file.
Examples
Realistic sample
Type or paste any realistic input — the tool computes the result locally and instantly.
Common mistakes
Expecting a server round-trip
Nothing is uploaded — every tool in this category runs entirely in your browser.